Which Effect is Associated With Overnutrition

Background

Boyhood is a transition menstruation (10–nineteen years) from babyhood to adult life,¹
reaching about 25.1% of the globe population where the bulk resides (88%) in developing countries.²
Adolescence is a catamenia characterized by a change in many physiological behaviors that greatly influences nutrition choices and lifestyles.ⁱⁱⁱ
Due to the effects of urbanization, globalization, and prevailing nutrient insecurity, there is a rising trend in the occurrence of malnutrition among adolescents. Due to such challenges, malnutrition (including underweight and overnutrition) is becoming a challenging public health issue globally.^iv

Overweight and obesity (hither referred to as overnutrition) is divers as excess torso weight characterized by a torso mass index (BMI) for-age
z
score higher up i.^v
Globally, over the last decades, information technology has get articulate that being overweight and obese (overnutrition) impale more than people than being underweight.^five,6
Adolescent overnutrition is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Overweight affects 207 meg (17.3%) of adolescents worldwide, with a growing burden and negative consequences in low- and heart-income countries.^6,7
Another gauge besides showed that lxxx million adolescents are obese, and 41 one thousand thousand among xv to 19 year-old adolescents are obese, with a sustained increase (12% increment from 2010 to 2016), and projected to double by 2030.²

Adolescents in low- and middle-income countries, are becoming victims of alarming underweight, micronutrient deficiencies, and overnutrition in full general, creating a triple burden of malnutrition.⁴
Overnutrition is becoming a life-threatening health issue every bit a result of the complex influences of globalization, with overnutrition-related noncommunicable disease morbidity and mortality increasing.⁸
Prevailing malnutrition during pregnancy and babe and immature child feeding with an alarming stunting charge per unit cumulatively predisposes adolescents to overnutrition.^eight
Growth retardation during pregnancy and babyhood malnutrition are thought to increase the risk of adult obesity and chronic noncommunicable diseases.^9–xi
Beyond the curt-term health consequences, the problem persists into adulthood and older historic period, where the impacts are severe.^10,12
In add-on, the problem is prevailing in developing countries, where the rate of increase and adverse consequences are more rampant than in developed countries.¹³

In Ethiopia, in that location is no national level data, merely studies from Addis Ababa, Gondar, Hawasa, and Bahir Dar towns revealed that the prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents was 18.2%, 5.9%, 15.6%, and 12.5%, respectively.^{fourteen–17}
Despite improvements in deaths related to malnutrition and infectious disease, not-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and others) are becoming the leading causes of mortality (70%) and contribute to a larger share of the disease burden.^eighteen
This huge brunt is securely rooted in the prevailing overweight and obesity, which tin be prevented in early childhood, and adolescence.^nineteen
A study showed that 8.9% and 2.3% of children and adolescents were overweight and obese, respectively.^twenty
This huge burden, and even more in urbanized settings, warrants having disaggregated testify on the potential common and context-specific hazard factors for overnutrition, which could critically guide potential obesity prevention and command strategies in the specific context and the nation at large.²¹

The study area, Dire Dawa, is an urbanized area with a diverse ethnic population, a border with Djoubouti, and hot weather weather condition, so we hypothesized that adolescent overnutrition would exist a major concern. It is imperative to have concrete bear witness on the burden and important avoidable gamble factors that predispose adolescents to overnutrition, which is critical for targeted public wellness interventions. It is of slap-up importance to have concrete evidence on the burden and potential risk factors that predispose to overnutrition. This will give a policy and program directions to accost overnutrition and its consequences among adolescents. Thus, this paper explored the magnitude and identified the risk factors associated with adolescent overnutrition in the eastern parts of Ethiopia.

Materials and methods

Study setting and pattern

This school-based survey was conducted in 1 of the two administrative cities, Dire Dawa, located in the eastern office of Ethiopia. It is 515 km away from Addis Ababa. In Dire Dawa, at that place are a total of 26; 11 governmental and 15 private schools. The written report was conducted from May to June 2021. The target population of this study was all adolescent high school students aged x–xix years in the study area. Amongst these, a random sample of 504 adolescents from both governmental and private high schools was included in the sample. Adolescents with body deformities such as scoliosis, kyphosis, severe abdominal swelling, and those seriously sick and unable to communicate were excluded, equally this makes anthropometric measures unreliable where elevation measurement might be inaccurate.

Sample Size determination and sampling procedure

The minimum sample required for the first objective was calculated using sample size estimation for a unmarried proportion estimate. We causeless the prevalence of overnutrition among adolescents (eighteen.2%),^17,22
a 5% significance level, at a 95% conviction level and precision of 5%. The sample size has get 229. On the other hand, a sample size for a second objective was as well estimated using a sample size for a cross-sectional study comparison the run a risk of overnutrition due to different factors. We took a power of 80% and a 95% confidence interval. However, the samples estimated taking sexual practice (north = 144), physical activity (n = 141) and type of school (n = 155), which is far below the required sample for the starting time objective. Thus, we took the larger sample size for the first objective and design effect of 2 and a 10% not response rate to business relationship for multistage sampling and not volunteers during information drove. Thus, a total of 504 samples were required to bear the study and accomplish the objectives.

A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used to select report subjects. First, the total sample was proportionally allocated to private and governmental high schools. Based on their ownership, the high schools (26 high schools) in Dire Dawa boondocks were stratified into government (n = iv) and private schools (n = 6). From each selected high school, a sample frame was prepared for all sections of grades nine and ten separately where the allocated sample size was selected using lottery methods.

Variables of the study

The result variable was over-diet (which is a blended indicator of overweight and obesity). On the other hand, socio-demographic and family-level characteristics (school type, sex, age, grade level, religion, family size, father’due south educational activity level, mother’s education level, father’s occupation, mother’s occupation, and wealth index scores), dietary habits (fruit, cereals, vegetables, milk and milk products, meat, frequency of regular repast intake, snack and sugariness food), physical action (total physical activity cumulated using work, transport, and leisure time related physical activeness), and sedentary behavior (time spent watching boob tube and or playing computer games) were the independent factors considered in this report.

Operational definitions

The term “high schoolhouse adolescents” refers to those high school students whose ages are between 10 and 19 years quondam in accord with the WHO definition. While over-nutrition is when the student is classified every bit having overweight or obesity according to a specific cutoff signal, where obesity is defined as BMI-for-historic period specific 95th percentile or BMI for age
Z
score above +2. Overweight was defined equally having a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles or a
Z
score between i and two.²³
Physical activity refers to activities like cleaning, painting, walking, cycling, plastering, doing household chores, and pond, which are included equally moderate physical activities; whereas activities like carrying heavy loads, running, and strenuous sports are included as vigorous physical activities. Physically active is divers as having at least 600 MET minutes per week of full physical activity, while physically inactive is defined as having less than 600 MET minutes per week.²⁴

Information collection procedures

A structured questionnaire was conducted through a face-to-face interview with respondents or caregivers. In add-on, anthropometric measurements (weight, and height measurement) were used to collect the data. The tool was developed in English language and translated to local languages and pretested on 5% of the full sample (25 students) from unsampled high schools. Sociodemographic information, dietary habits, physical activities, and other variables were gathered. A validated semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) on fruit, vegetables, meat, milk and milk products, soft drinks, snacks, regular meals, and sugariness food consumption was applied to capture the dietary intakes and patterns over the past one calendar month. The tools were adapted from the WHO Steps instrument for chronic illness risk surveillance.²⁵

The WHO global concrete activeness questionnaire (GPAQ) for physical activity surveillance was used to measure out the concrete activeness pattern among school adolescents in three major dimensions: activity at work, travel to and from places, recreational activities, and sedentary behaviour. The action level of the study participants was ascertained in reference to the standard WHO total physical activity calculation guide, and the level of total physical action was categorized as physically agile or in-active, based on a cutoff indicate (600 MTE/calendar week).²⁴
The tool is appropriate and valid to assess the level of physical activity based on the weekly metabolic equivalent calculation.²⁶

While anthropometric measurement of weight and height was done by calibrated equipment post-obit standard procedures. Shoes and clothing were considered during the weight measurement under calorie-free and optimal article of clothing standardized techniques. The weight measurement was taken by a digital weight scale (SECA made in Deutschland, with a carrying capacity of 150 kg and 100 g precision) by making the weight of the participant evenly distributed on both feet. A portable stadiometer (SECA Germany, 0.1 cm precision) was used to mensurate height. The meridian was measured in the Frankfurt position with the torso in touch with the measuring board and the line of sight facing parral to the ground, where the weight and height measurements were recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively.

Data quality assurances

Data collectors were trained for one mean solar day on the overall data collection procedure and each anthropometric measurement. Specific data quality balls measures were undertaken during the development, data drove, cleaning, entry, and assay. A pretest was conducted on 26 (5%) of the total sample, where necessary amendments and a selection of reliable anthropometric measures were taken. Close supervision, daily monitoring, and on-the-spot checkups for completed questionnaires and consistency checks were done. Anthropometric measurements of weight and height were taken in triplicate for each participant. Calibration of the weight measuring SECA was done to zero, before each measurement. The reliability of intra- and inter-observers’ reliability was checked with the calculation of technical fault of measurement.²⁷

Data processing, assay and presentation

The information was entered into Epi-Data version iii.1 and analysed in SPSS version 20. The WHO Anthro-Plus (version 1.0.iv.0) was used to calculate the BMI for age
Z
score for nutritional assessment. Normality of continuous variables was done using a Kolmogorov–Smirnov exam.

Descriptive analyses with the use of tables and graphs were used to describe, summarize, and present the data. The wealth index was developed using principal component analysis of the 15 dummy coded asset variables. The developed cistron scores were ranked in three categories. Assumptions for the appropriateness of factor analysis were checked using the presence of substantial correlations (> 0.3), Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin for sample adequacy for the set of variables (> 0.5) and Bartlett’south test of sphericity (0.05). All assumptions were met and four factors were computed. And then, the gene score was ranked and presented in the course of wealth quintiles.

The event variable was recategorized equally overnourished (“failure”) and otherwise (“success”). A bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression was conducted to assess factors associated with overnutrition. Variables with a p-value below 0.25 and of import variables were candidate for the multi-variable logistic regression model. Statistical significance was declared at a p-value below 0.05. All statistical tests were considered significant at a p-value less than 0.05. The model’due south fettle was checked using the Hosmer-Lemeshow model and omnibus tests. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (COR and AOR with 95% confidence intervals were reported.

Ethical considerations

This study was approved by Dire Dawa University, Institutional Research Ethical Review Board. Written informed consent (for those anile above 18 years) and assent (for those aged below 18 years) was taken from each study participant and/or their immediate intendance givers later on explaining the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits of the study. All upstanding principles and standards were respected throughout the conduct of the study. The data collected from study participants was kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with third parties.

Results

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics

In this report, a total of 498 adolescents (98.4%) gave consummate responses, with a hateful historic period of 15.four (one.9 SD). More than than half of the respondents—269 (54.0%) and 250 (50.2%)—were females and from authorities schools, respectively. Regarding the educational status, 54 (x.8%) and 107 (21.v%) of the respondents reported that their father and female parent were illiterate, respectively. While more than one-half (53.6%) of the mothers who participated were housewives without a formal job, a total of 23.5 and 21.5% of the adolescents’ fathers were working in government organizations and individual jobs, respectively. Concerning the socioeconomic status of the household, 71% of adolescents were from low or middle socioeconomic classes, while 29% were from loftier socioeconomic classes (Table i).

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of (n=498) adolescents in loftier schools from eastern Parts of Ethiopia

Dietary habits of adolescents

Almost all (96.2%) of the respondents had consumed cereal-based foods at least once a calendar week. Ii hundred thirty (64.7%) consumed fruits, and 73.9% consumed vegetables three or more than times per day. Near half of the students, (49.8%) and 202 (39.6%) did non consume any dairy products or animal-source foods, respectively. While 465 (91.2%) of the students had a typical 3 to four meals a day. Among the respondents, 45 (9%) did non eat fruits; 347 (43.9%) consumed fruits i day per week, and 296 (37.4%) consumed fruits two or more days per calendar week. Eighty-one (10.2%) did non consume vegetables, 47 (59.8%) consumed vegetables 1–ii days per week, and 236 (29.8%) consumed vegetables 3 or more than days per week. The majority of 565 (71.four%) of participants did not consume any creature product food items often, and the remainder (28.six%) consumed animal product food items ofttimes (Table ii).

Table ii Dietary addiction of (northward=498) adolescents high schoolhouse students in eastern Parts of Ethiopia

Almost ii-thirds of adolescents (71%) and 65% eat soft drinks one to 2 times per week and accept a habit of consuming sweet foods at least once per week, respectively. A significantly college percentage of adolescents (77.8%) had the habit of snack consumption. More than half, 261 (52.4%), consume snacks and other foods while watching idiot box programs. Regarding typical meat consumption, 48% of adolescents reported that they did non swallow meat and meat products, while only 6.4% of them consumed meat on a daily footing (Table 2).

Physical action characteristics of respondents

A significant number of students, 409 (82.i%), were not involved in whatsoever piece of work activities along with their education. The majority (62.vii%) of adolescents were involved in moderate-to-vigorous sports activities, with an average sedentary stay time of 3.78 (±1.6hrs). A total of 161 (32.iii%) students took a walk or used a bicycle from habitation to school, while 62 (12.iv%) took other transportation. More than three-fourths, or fourscore%, of students reported being involved in low or moderate physical activity. In addition, 42.6% of students had a sedentary stay time of more than three hours. Interestingly, 78.5% and 63.7% of students were not involved in either vigorous or moderate-intensity physical action, respectively (Tabular array iii).

Table 3 Physical activeness related characteristics of adolescents in eastern Parts of Ethiopia (n=498)

Brunt of overnutrition amongst adolescents

Among adolescents, a total of 118 (23.7%: 95% CI: 20–27.4) and 12 (2.4%; 9% CI: 1.05, three.7%) were overweight and obese, respectively. While the combined prevalence of overnutrition (both overweight and obesity) was 26.1% (95% CI: 22.0%, 30.2%) (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Nutritional status of loftier school adolescents in eastern Ethiopia (n=498).

Disaggregated by sexual activity of the students, the magnitude of overweight and obesity amidst female person students (17.9% and 2%, respectively) was significantly higher than among male students (v.8% and 0.4%), respectively. Besides, overweight and obesity were more prevalent among private high school adolescents (20.9% and 1.6%, respectively) than in public high schools (2.8% and 0.viii%, respectively).

Factors associated with overnutrition among adolescents

A step-wise backward binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with overnutrition among adolescents. The associations between socio-demographic, dietary/eating habits, physical action, and sedentary lifestyle-related factors and overnutrition were analyzed using bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Under the bivariable logistic regression assay, obesity was significantly associated with school type, sex, snacking, sedentary concrete beliefs, eating while watching TV, grade level, sweet food consumption, moderate or vigorous intensity sports activity, and mode of transportation from domicile to school, at a p-value less than 0.05 (Table 4).

Tabular array 4 Bivariable logistic regression assay of factors associated with overnutrition (verweight/obesity) among high school adolescents in Ethiopia

Female adolescents (COR = 3.72; 95% CI: 2.37, v.85), and those from a higher wealth quintile (COR=163.4; 95% CI: 39.ane–682.3) were more than probable to be overweight or obese than males and those from lower socioeconomic classes, respectively. Students who attended private schools (COR = 10.6; 95% CI: six.18–xviii.2) and those who ate while watching television receiver (COR = 5.07; 95% CI: iii.17, viii.12) had a ten-fold and five-fold increased risk of being overweight or obese, respectively. In improver, students from illiterate families were found to have a higher chance of being overweight or obese, but non statistically pregnant. Furthermore, adolescent students who are not involved in piece of work along with their studies (COR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.15–3.xc) and the habit of sweet food consumption (COR = iv.75; 95% CI: 3.11–seven.28) were two and five-fold higher gamble of being overweight and obese, respectively (Table 4).

Having a habit of snacking (COR = 4.53; 95% CI: two.29, 9.0) is positively associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity. When compared to adolescents who did non consume meat, meat consumption was associated with a higher burden of overnutrition (COR = 1.61; 95% CI: i.07–2.41). Adolescents who consumed fruit less than three times per week (COR = 2.94; 95% CI: 1.42–6.08) and vegetables less than three times per week (COR = 2.30; 95% CI: 0.78–6.73) had a college risk of being undernourished. In addition, students with a higher stay in sedentary life (at to the lowest degree three hours) (COR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.46) were two.3 times more likely to be overweight or obese every bit compared to those with a lower stay in sedentary life (COR = one.97; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.46) were also 2.3 times more than likely to be overweight or obese as compared to those with a lower (Table four).

While in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, six explanatory variables (schoolhouse type, sex of students, snacking habit, sedentary lifestyle, eating while watching tv, and sugariness food consumption of more 3 days per week) were significantly and independently associated with overweight or obesity. The model fitness was checked using a Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit (P-value=0.32), which showed a fitted model.

Female students (AOR = iii.32; 95% CI: ane.65–6.63), and students from individual loftier schools (AOR = 4.97; 95% CI: one.72–xiv.35) were 3 and five times more likely to be over nourished than males and from government high schools. In addition, students with the habit of eating snacks (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI: ane.11–eight.36) and eating while watching television and studying (AOR = 4.63; 95% CI: ane.96–10.95) had a three and 4.5-fold increased burden of overnutrition as compared to their counter parts. While adolescents with a habit of sweetness food consumption (AOR = six.26; 95% CI: 3.14–12.5) and extended sedentary lifestyles above three hours per twenty-four hours (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: i.67–6.10) were significantly positively associated with increased risk of being over nourished (Table 5).

Table 5 Multivariable binary logistic model Showing factors associated with overnutrition among high schoolhouse adolescents in Ethiopia

Discussion

This study was to explore the magnitude and factors associated with overweight and obesity among high school adolescents in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia. Nosotros plant that 23.7% and 2.iv% of adolescents were overweight and obese, respectively, while 26.1% had overnutrition. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in this study is higher than the prevalence reported by studies conducted in Addis Ababa,¹⁷
Bahir Dar,^xiv
Gondar,¹⁶
and Hawassa (12.7 and ii.7%).¹⁵
In addition, a prevalence of three.five% (Eriterea) to 63% (Seychelles), where a higher burden of obesity was reported from North African countries.²⁸
A pooled estimate also showed that 8.9% and 2.4% were overweight or obese.^twenty
The variation in the study results might have occurred because of the differences in dietary intakes, concrete activeness levels, and sedentary behaviors among adolescents in the study areas. In addition, the more urbanized and hotter weather conditions usually limit physical activity and take transport instead of walks. In addition, the availability of industrially processed foods, sweet local foods, and diverse dietary behaviors predispose them to a higher prevalence of overnutrition. This huge burden of overnutrition makes the study area one of the hotspot areas, and targeted obesity and overweight prevention and control are mandatory to be implemented.

In the present report, the prevalence of overweight/obesity among female adolescents was iii times higher than among male adolescents. A pooled analysis also revealed that female students were 3 times more than likely than male students to be overweight or obese (AOR= 3.23; 2.03, 5.thirteen). A Study conducted in vii African countries, Gonder,²⁹
and Addis Ababa¹⁷
found a significant association between sex and overweight/obesity, with females existence more likely than males to be overweight or obese. The possible reason could exist that boys are generally more than physically agile compared to girls, especially during adolescence.^thirty
Also, concerns about torso epitome, by adolescent girls, may pb to problematic eating behaviors such as irregular meal patterns that may result in increased weight proceeds.³¹
This influence of gender on obesity tin be attributed to hormonal changes at puberty resulting in fatty accumulation and families’ negative attitudes toward educatee participation in outdoor activities due to certain cultural and religious restrictions. However, this finding was inconsistent with a study done in Bahir Dar City, Northwest, Ethiopia,^xiv
where the prevalence was more amid boys than girls, which might exist due to the sampling or bodily existent differences.

In this report, the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was five times higher in adolescents studying in individual high schools than in governmental high schools. In addition, students from higher socioeconomic classes were more than likely to be overnourished. Similar findings were observed from different countries, including Pakistan,³²
Nigeria,³³
Kenya,³⁴
and a study washed in Gonder¹⁶
high schoolhouse adolescents. This might exist due to the fact that students attending private schools are more probable to be from high socioeconomic classes, where dietary consumption, dietary habits, and exercise patterns are dissimilar and unhealthy from those attention public schools. The report besides found that students from affluent families were iii times more than probable to be overweight or obese (AOR = 3.16; 95% CI: 1.87, 5.34).²⁰
Students from families with higher socioeconomic condition are more than likely to be exposed to highly candy, energy-dense foods, sugariness foods, more than luxurious lives, and a motorized style of life compared to those from government schools. Higher up all, the state of nutritional transition is worse in recently urbanized developing countries, where availability and preference for such foods is high.³⁵

In add-on to this, respondents who onsumed sweet food (Mushebek, Beklawa, chocolate, biscuits, pizza, and burgers) more than 3 times a week were six times more than likely to be overweight or obese. This finding is comparable to the study washed in the Arada sub-city of Addis Ababa and amid adolescents in Gondar town, N West Ethiopia.¹⁶
Similarly, those who adopt sweetness foods have a higher risk of obesity or beingness overweight (AOR = ii.78;; 95% CI: 1.97–3.93).²⁰
It is because of the excess calories and their ability to cause hunger immediately after consumption and trigger excessive nutrient consumption that they are predisposed to overnutrition.^28,36
In the electric current globalized world, where access to processed foods, forth with adolescents’ preference for such foods, and the increased cost of nutritious, healthy, and organic foods,³⁷
greatly contribute to the alter in the dietary patterns of individuals.³⁸

The odds of existence overweight or obese among adolescents who eat while watching Goggle box and studying were 4 times college than their counterparts. In unlike parts of the world, there was a positive, meaning clan between eating while watching Idiot box and studying and fourth dimension spent watching television or using a estimator and being overweight.^39,forty
This finding was consistent with previous enquiry from Bangladesh and the The states.^41,42
The odds of being overweight or obese among adolescents with college hours of sedentary behaviors were three times more likely than those who do not consume sugariness food or less frequently.²⁰
This is supported past the fact that concrete inactivity predisposes adolescents three.4 times more oft to obesity or being overweight. The issue was consistent with studies conducted in Ethiopia,^xvi
and Islamic republic of pakistan.³¹
Adolescents are also predisposed to dissimilar forms of matted eating behavior, which greatly touch and disturb the normal physiology⁴³.

This could exist explained every bit sedentary behavior and excessive binge eating while on social media, boob tube, or others, usually increases the gap between energy intake and expenditure.⁴⁴
Furthermore, those with a longer stay in sedentary life usually limit physical activities⁴⁵
and non do activities, which are the most important means of losing free energy expenditure and maintaining optimal adiposity.^15,40,41
Similarly, a study in Kingdom of morocco establish that adolescents who watched Idiot box more than 4 hours a solar day, were more decumbent to obesity than those who watched less than 4 hours a day.³⁰
This increased chance and higher burden of overnutrition tin can be partially explained past the lack of regular activities resulting in depression energy expenditure.²⁴

In a state where noncommunicable diseases account for more than 70% of hospital deaths and where the problem is securely rooted in aberrant nutrition and torso weight (obesity), it is critical strategic direction to target overnutrition as a public health trouble. Furthermore, the existence of a triple burden of malnutrition and shut links betwixt childhood undernutrition and adulthood chronic noncommunicable diseases,^28,38,44
necessitates a multifaceted public wellness strategy aimed at adolescents, where the problem is reported to be prevalent.²⁸

The findings of this study should be idea about in the lite of some limitations of this study. All variables that could affect nutritional condition, such as family history, genetic factors, parental BMI, medication use, and cess of feeding practices during early on childhood, were not possible to assess. This study did not utilise the waist to hip circumference ratio, which could identify the adventure of central obesity equally the BMI for age. In improver, information technology would be better if quantitative dietary consumption information were captured to actually measure the actual dietary intake rather than the usual FFQ.

Determination and Recommendations

Overnutrition among high school adolescents is a major public health problem. Students attention school privately, females, with the habit of snacking, sugariness food consumption, sedentary lifestyles, and eating while studying or watching tv were significant predictors of overnutrition among school adolescents. Public wellness interventions should consider that overnutrition amongst adolescents is a major public health issue and exist incorporated into the chief health agenda to exist addressed in the area. Schoolhouse-based nutrition didactics should be encouraged and supported, targeting healthy eating patterns. In addition, schools should encourage planned physical activity programs and sports games that initiate students’ regular physical action for obesity prevention and command. Obesity and overweight prevention and command should requite special accent to private school students and those from higher socioeconomic classes. Students and families should be aware of the harm of being overweight and obesity, and should encourage their children to have regular physical activity, have office in non-exercise activities (piece of work), and have a healthy dietary consumption, specifically minimizing sweet, sugary, and refined foods.