The Main Goal of Zionism Was to

Until 1948, the
primary goals of Zionism
were the re-establishment of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, ingathering of the exiles, and liberation of Jews from the antisemitic discrimination and persecution that they experienced during their diaspora. Since the institution of the Land of State of israel in 1948, Zionism continues primarily to advocate on behalf of State of israel and to address threats to its continued existence and security.

A religious variety of
Zionism
supports Jews upholding their Jewish identity defined equally adherence to religious Judaism, opposes the assimilation of Jews into other societies, and has advocated the return of Jews to State of israel as a means for Jews to be a majority nation in their own state.^[iv] A variety of Zionism, called cultural Zionism, founded and represented most prominently past Ahad Ha’am, fostered a secular vision of a Jewish “spiritual middle” in State of israel. Unlike Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, Ahad Ha’am strived for State of israel to exist “a Jewish state and non merely a state of Jews”.^[fourteen]

Advocates of
Zionism
view it as a national liberation move for the repatriation of a persecuted people residing every bit minorities in a variety of nations to their bequeathed homeland.^{[xv]
[16]
[17]} Critics of Zionism view it as a colonialist,^[xviii] racist^[nineteen] and exceptionalist^[20]
ideology that led advocates to violence during Mandatory Palestine, followed by the exodus of Palestinians, and the subsequent denial of their right to return to lands and belongings lost during the 1948 and 1967 wars.

Terminology

The term “Zionism” is derived from the word Zion (
ציון‎ ,
Tzi-yon), referring to Jerusalem. Throughout eastern Europe in the belatedly 19th century, numerous grassroots groups were promoting the national resettlement of the Jews in their homeland, too as the revitalization and cultivation of the Hebrew language. These groups were collectively chosen the “Lovers of Zion” and were seen to encounter a growing Jewish movement toward assimilation. The first utilise of the term is attributed to the Austrian Nathan Birnbaum, founder of theKadimah
nationalist Jewish students’ movement; he used the term in 1890 in his periodical
Selbstemanzipation! (Self-Emancipation),^[25] itself named almost identically to Leon Pinsker’s 1882 bookAuto-Emancipation.

Overview

Main article: Types of Zionism

After near two millennia of the Jewish diaspora residing in various countries without a national land, the Zionist movement was founded in the late 19th century by secular Jews, largely equally a response by Ashkenazi Jews to rising antisemitism in Europe, exemplified by the Dreyfus thing in French republic and the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire.^[28] The political movement was formally established by the Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl in 1897 post-obit the publication of his volumeDer Judenstaat (The Jewish State).^[29] At that time, the movement sought to encourage Jewish migration to Ottoman Palestine.

Although initially 1 of several Jewish political movements offering alternative responses to assimilation and antisemitism, Zionism expanded speedily. In its early stages, supporters considered setting up a Jewish land in the historic territory of Palestine. After Earth War 2 and the devastation of Jewish life in Key and Eastern Europe where these alternative movements were rooted, it became dominant in the thinking virtually a Jewish national state.

Creating an brotherhood with United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and securing back up for some years for Jewish emigration to Palestine, Zionists as well recruited European Jews to immigrate there, particularly Jews who lived in areas of the Russian Empire where anti-semitism was raging. The alliance with Britain was strained as the latter realized the implications of the Jewish movement for Arabs in Palestine, but the Zionists persisted. The motility was eventually successful in establishing Israel on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar), as the homeland for the Jewish people. The proportion of the world’s Jews living in Israel has steadily grown since the movement emerged. By the early 21st century, more 40% of the world’s Jews lived in State of israel, more than in any other country. These two outcomes represent the historical success of Zionism, and are unmatched by any other Jewish political movement in the past two,000 years. In some academic studies, Zionism has been analyzed both within the larger context of diaspora politics and as an example of modern national liberation movements.^[31]

Zionism also sought assimilation of Jews into the mod world. As a result of the diaspora, many of the Jewish people remained outsiders inside their adopted countries and became discrete from modern ideas. Then-called “assimilationist” Jews desired complete integration into European society. They were willing to downplay their Jewish identity and in some cases to abandon traditional views and opinions in an attempt at modernization and absorption into the modern globe. A less extreme form of assimilation was called cultural synthesis. Those in favor of cultural synthesis desired continuity and only moderate evolution, and were concerned that Jews should not lose their identity every bit a people. “Cultural synthesists” emphasized both a demand to maintain traditional Jewish values and faith, and a demand to suit to a modernist society, for instance, in complying with piece of work days and rules.^[32]

In 1975, the United Nations Full general Assembly passed Resolution 3379, which designated
Zionism
as “a form of racism and racial discrimination“. The resolution was repealed in 1991 by replacing Resolution 3379 with Resolution 46/86. Opposition to Zionism in principle has also sometimes been called racist and has been characterized as fostering the segregation of peoples that should seek peaceful coexistence.^[33]
[34]

See also:
Racism : The Destruction of Humanity,
Racism Quotes,

Beliefs

Run into also:
Yiddish Proverbs

Zionism
was established with the political goal of creating a Jewish state in order to create a nation where Jews could be the majority, rather than the minority which they were in a variety of nations in the diaspora. Theodor Herzl, the ideological father of Zionism, considered Antisemitism to exist an eternal feature of all societies in which Jews lived as minorities, and that but a separation could allow Jews to escape eternal persecution. “Let them give us sovereignty over a piece of the Earth’s surface, merely sufficient for the needs of our people, then we will do the rest!” he proclaimed exposing his plan.^{[35]:p.27 (29)}

Herzl proposed two possible destinations to colonize, Argentina and Palestine. He preferred Argentina for its vast and sparsely populated territory and temperate climate, but conceded that Palestine would have greater attraction because of the celebrated ties of Jews with that expanse.^[35] He also accepted to evaluate Joseph Chamberlain’s proposal for possible Jewish settlement in Not bad Uk’s East African colonies.^{[36]
:pp.55–56}

Aliyah (migration, literally “ascent”) to the Land of Israel is a recurring theme in Jewish prayers. Rejection of life in the Diaspora is a primal assumption in Zionism.^[37] Supporters of Zionism believed that Jews in the Diaspora were prevented from their full growth in Jewish individual and national life.

Zionists generally preferred to speak Hebrew, a Semitic language that developed under weather of freedom in ancient Judah, and worked to modernize and adapt it for everyday use. Zionists sometimes refused to speak Yiddish, a language they thought had developed in the context of European persecution. Once they moved to Israel, many Zionists refused to speak their (diasporic) mother tongues and adopted new, Hebrew names. Hebrew was preferred non only for ideological reasons, but also considering it allowed all citizens of the new land to have a common language, thus furthering the political and cultural bonds among Zionists.

Major aspects of the Zionist idea are represented in the Israeli Declaration of Independence:

The State of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the earth the eternal Book of Books.

After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and promise for their return to it and for the restoration in information technology of their political freedom.

Impelled by this historic and traditional zipper, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. In recent decades they returned in their masses.^[38]

History

Main articles: History of Zionism, Proto-Zionism, and History of State of israel

Population of Palestine by ethno-religious groups^[39]

Year	Muslims	Jews	Christians	Others	Total
1922	486,177(74.91%)	83,790(12.91%)	71,464(xi.01%)	seven,617(i.17%)	649,048
1931	493,147(64.32%)	174,606(22.77%)	88,907(11.60%)	10,101(1.32%)	766,761
1941	906,551(59.68%)	474,102(31.21%)	125,413(8.26%)	12,881(0.85%)	1,518,947
1946	1,076,783(58.34%)	608,225(32.96%)	145,063(seven.86%)	15,488(0.84%)	1,845,559

Since the first centuries of the CE, most Jews have lived outside the Land of State of israel (Eretz State of israel, better known as Palestine), although there has been a constant minority presence of Jews. According to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Eretz Israel is a land promised to the Jews by God according to the Hebrew and Greek Bibles and the Quran, respectively.^{[twoscore]
[41]} The Diaspora began in 586 BCE during the Babylonian occupation of Israel. The Babylonians destroyed the First Temple, which was primal to Jewish culture at the time. After the 1st-century Great Revolt and the 2nd-century Bar Kokhba revolt, the Roman Empire expelled the Jews from Judea, changing the name toSyria Palaestina. The Bar Kokhba defection caused a spike in anti-Semitism and Jewish persecution. The ensuing exile from Judea profoundly increased the per centum of Jews who were dispersed throughout the Diaspora instead of living in their original habitation.

Zion is a hill nigh Jerusalem (now in the city), widely symbolizing the State of Israel.^[42]

In the middle of the 16th century, Joseph Nasi, with the support of the Ottoman Empire, tried to gather the Portuguese Jews, offset to migrate to Cyprus, so owned by the Republic of Venice, and later to resettle in Tiberias. Nasi – who never converted to Islam^{[43]
[44]
[fn 2]} – eventually obtained the highest medical position in the empire, and actively participated in court life. He convinced Suleiman I to intervene with the Pope on behalf of Ottoman-bailiwick Portuguese Jews imprisoned in Ancona.^[43] Between the 4th and 19th centuries, Nasi’s was the but practical attempt to constitute some sort of Jewish political center in Palestine.^[45]

In the 17th century Sabbatai Zevi (1626–1676) announced himself as the Messiah and gained many Jews to his side, forming a base in Salonika. He first tried to establish a settlement in Gaza, just moved later to Smyrna. After deposing the quondam rabbi Aaron Lapapa in the spring of 1666, the Jewish community of Avignon, France prepared to emigrate to the new kingdom. The readiness of the Jews of the time to believe the messianic claims of Sabbatai Zevi may be largely explained by the desperate state of Central European Jewry in the mid-17th century. The bloody pogroms of Bohdan Khmelnytsky had wiped out one-3rd of the Jewish population and destroyed many centers of Jewish learning and communal life.^[46]

In the 19th century, a current in Judaism supporting a return to Zion grew in popularity,^[47] peculiarly in Europe, where antisemitism and hostility toward Jews were growing. The idea of returning to Palestine was rejected by the conferences of rabbis held in that epoch. Individual efforts supported the emigration of groups of Jews to Palestine, pre-Zionist Aliyah, even before 1897, the year considered as the beginning of practical Zionism.^[48]

The Reformed Jews rejected this idea of a return to Zion. The conference of rabbis, at Frankfurt am Main, July 15–28, 1845, deleted from the ritual all prayers for a return to Zion and a restoration of a Jewish country. The Philadelphia Conference, 1869, followed the pb of the High german rabbis and decreed that the Messianic hope of Israel is “the matrimony of all the children of God in the confession of the unity of God”. The Pittsburgh Conference, 1885, reiterated this Messianic idea of reformed Judaism, expressing in a resolution that “we consider ourselves no longer a nation, merely a religious community; and we therefore look neither a render to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship nether the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws apropos a Jewish state”.^[49]

Jewish settlements were proposed for establishment in the upper Mississippi region by W.D. Robinson in 1819.^[50] Others were developed near Jerusalem in 1850, by the American Consul Warder Cresson, a catechumen to Judaism. Cresson was tried and condemned for lunacy in a adapt filed by his married woman and son. They asserted that only a lunatic would convert to Judaism from Christianity. After a second trial, based on the centrality of American ‘freedom of faith’ issues and antisemitism, Cresson won the bitterly contested suit.^[51] He emigrated to Ottoman Palestine and established an agricultural colony in the Valley of Rephaim of Jerusalem. He hoped to “preclude any attempts being made to take advantage of the necessities of our poor brethren … (that would) … Strength them into a pretended conversion.”^[52]

Moral only non applied efforts were made in Prague to organize a Jewish emigration, by Abraham Benisch and Moritz Steinschneider in 1835. In the United States, Mordecai Noah attempted to plant a Jewish refuge reverse Buffalo, New York on K Island, 1825. These early Jewish nation building efforts of Cresson, Benisch, Steinschneider and Noah failed.^[53]
[54]

The official beginning of the structure of the New Yishuv in Palestine is usually dated to the inflow of the Bilu group in 1882, who commenced the First Aliyah. In the following years, Jewish immigration to Palestine started in earnest. Most immigrants came from the Russian Empire, escaping the frequent pogroms and land-led persecution in what are now Ukraine and Poland. They founded a number of agronomical settlements with fiscal support from Jewish philanthropists in Western Europe. Additional Aliyahs followed the Russian Revolution and its eruption of vehement pogroms. At the end of the 19th century, Jews were a small minority in Palestine.

In the 1890s, Theodor Herzl infused Zionism with a new ideology and practical urgency, leading to the First Zionist Congress at Basel in 1897, which created the World Zionist Organization (WZO).^[55] Herzl’s aim was to initiate necessary preparatory steps for the development of a Jewish state. Herzl’s attempts to attain a political agreement with the Ottoman rulers of Palestine were unsuccessful and he sought the support of other governments. The WZO supported small-scale settlement in Palestine; it focused on strengthening Jewish feeling and consciousness and on building a worldwide federation.

The Russian Empire, with its long record of state-organized genocide and ethnic cleansing (“pogroms”), was widely regarded as the celebrated enemy of the Jewish people. The Zionist movement’s headquarters were located in Berlin, equally many of its leaders were German Jews who spoke German.

Territories considered

Principal articles: Jewish territorialism and Proposals for a Jewish state

Throughout the offset decade of the Zionist movement, there were several instances where Zionist figures supported a Jewish state in places outside Palestine, such as Republic of uganda and Argentina.^[56] Fifty-fifty Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism was initially content with any Jewish self-governed state.^[57] However, other Zionists emphasized the retentiveness, emotion and myth linking Jews to the Land of Israel.^[58] Despite using Zion as the name of the motility (a proper noun afterwards the Jebusite fortress in Jerusalem, which became synonymous with Jerusalem), Palestine only became Herzl’due south main focus later on his Zionist manifesto ‘Judenstaat’ was published in 1896, merely even and then he was hesitant.^[59]

In 1903, British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain offered Herzl 5,000 foursquare miles in the Uganda Protectorate for Jewish settlement.^[lx] Chosen the Uganda Scheme, it was introduced the same twelvemonth to the World Zionist Organization’due south Congress at its sixth meeting, where a vehement debate ensued. Some groups felt that accepting the scheme would arrive more than difficult to establish a Jewish state in Palestine, the African land was described every bit an “ante-chamber to the Holy Country”. It was decided to send a committee to investigate the proposed state by 295 to 177 votes, with 132 abstaining. The post-obit yr, congress sent a delegation to inspect the plateau. A temperate climate due to its high height, was thought to be suitable for European settlement. However, the expanse was populated by a large number of Maasai, who did not seem to favour an influx of Europeans. Furthermore, the delegation found information technology to be filled with lions and other animals.

After Herzl died in 1904, the Congress decided on the fourth day of its seventh session in July 1905 to turn down the British offering and, co-ordinate to Adam Rovner, “direct all hereafter settlement efforts solely to Palestine”.^[60]
[61] Israel Zangwill’s Jewish Territorialist Organisation aimed for a Jewish state anywhere, having been established in 1903 in response to the Uganda Scheme, was supported by a number of the Congress’s delegates. Following the vote, which had been proposed by Max Nordau, Zangwill charged Nordau that he “will exist charged before the bar of history,” and his supporters blamed the Russian voting bloc of Menachem Ussishkin for the outcome of the vote.^[61]

The subsequent departure of the JTO from the Zionist Organization had little impact.^{[60]
[62]
[63]} The Zionist Socialist Workers Party was also an organisation that favored the idea of a Jewish territorial autonomy outside of Palestine.^[64]

As an culling to Zionism, Soviet authorities established a Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 1934, which remains extant as the only autonomous oblast of Russia.^[65]

Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate

Main articles: Balfour Declaration and British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)

It endorsed the cosmos of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, as follows:

His Majesty’s government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will utilize their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it beingness clearly understood that goose egg shall be done which may prejudice the ceremonious and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political condition enjoyed by Jews in any other country.^[66]

The Mandate will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home … and the development of self-governing institutions, and too safeguard the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race and religion.^[67]

Weizmann’s role in obtaining the Balfour Declaration led to his election equally the Zionist movement’southward leader. He remained in that role until 1948, and then was elected as the first President of State of israel subsequently the nation gained independence.

A number of loftier-level representatives of the international Jewish women’s community participated in the Starting time World Congress of Jewish Women, which was held in Vienna, Austria, in May 1923. 1 of the main resolutions was: “It appears … to be the duty of all Jews to co-operate in the social-economic reconstruction of Palestine and to assist in the settlement of Jews in that land.”^[68]

Jewish migration to Palestine and widespread Jewish country purchases from feudal landlords contributed to landlessness among Palestinian Arabs, fueling unrest. Riots erupted in Palestine in 1920, 1921 and 1929, in which both Jews and Arabs were killed.^[69] Britain was responsible for the Palestinian mandate and, after the Balfour Declaration, it supported Jewish clearing in principle. Merely, in response to the violent events noted above, the Peel Commission published a report proposing new provisions and restrictions in Palestine.

In 1927, Ukrainian Jew Yitzhak Lamdan wrote an ballsy poem titledMasada to reflect the plight of the Jews, calling for a “final stand”.^[70] In 1941, Theodore Newman Kaufman publishedGermany Must Perish! which argued that only the dismemberment of Deutschland would lead to world peace. Anti-German manufactures, such every bit theDaily Express calling for an “Anti-Nazi boycott”, in response to German antisemitism were published during Adolf Hitler’southward ascent, as well. This has given birth to the conspiracy theory that Jews started the holocaust, although the Nazi Propaganda Government minister Joseph Goebbels was largely responsible for ignoring the patriotic Jew, and for instead promoting anti-High german materials as “evidence” that the Jews needed to be eradicated.

Rise of Hitler

In 1933, Hitler came to power in Frg, and in 1935 the Nuremberg Laws made German Jews (and later Austrian and Czech Jews) stateless refugees. Similar rules were practical by the many Nazi allies in Europe. The subsequent growth in Jewish migration and the impact of Nazi propaganda aimed at the Arab world led to the 1936–1939 Arab defection in Palestine. United kingdom established the Peel Commission to investigate the situation. The committee did not consider the state of affairs of Jews in Europe, but called for a two-state solution and compulsory transfer of populations. Britain rejected this solution and instead implemented the White Paper of 1939. This planned to end Jewish immigration by 1944 and to allow no more than than 75,000 additional Jewish migrants. At the end of the five-yr period in 1944, but 51,000 of the 75,000 immigration certificates provided for had been utilized, and the British offered to allow immigration to go on beyond cutoff appointment of 1944, at a rate of 1500 per month, until the remaining quota was filled.^[71]
[72] According to Arieh Kochavi, at the end of the war, the Mandatory Government had 10,938 certificates remaining and gives more details about authorities policy at the time.^[71] The British maintained the policies of the 1939 White Paper until the end of the Mandate.^[73]

The growth of the Jewish community in Palestine and the destruction of European Jewish life sidelined the World Zionist Organization. The Jewish Agency for Palestine under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion increasingly dictated policy with back up from American Zionists who provided funding and influence in Washington, D.C., including via the highly effective American Palestine Commission.

Post-WWII

In 1947, the United nations Special Committee on Palestine recommended that western Palestine should be partitioned into a Jewish state, an Arab land and a UN-controlled territory,Corpus separatum, around Jerusalem.^[fourscore] This partition plan was adopted on Nov 29, 1947 with UN GA Resolution 181, 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The vote led to celebrations in Jewish communities and protests in Arab communities throughout Palestine.^[81] Violence throughout the country, previously a Jewish insurgency against the British, with some sporadic Jewish-Arab fighting, spiralled into the 1947–1949 Palestine state of war. The conflict led to an exodus of well-nigh 711,000 Palestinian Arabs,^[82] known in Arabic asal-Nakba (“the Ending”). More than a quarter had already fled prior to the declaration of the State of Israel and the outset of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. After, a serial of laws passed past the first Israeli government prevented Palestinians from returning to their homes, or claiming their property. They and many of their descendants remain refugees.^[83]
[84] The flying and expulsion of the Palestinians has since been widely, and controversially, described every bit having involved indigenous cleansing.^[85]
[86] According to a growing consensus between Israeli and Palestinian historians, expulsion and destruction of villages played a part in the origin of the Palestinian refugees.^[87] Efraim Karsh, all the same, states that nearly of the Arabs who fled left of their own accord or were pressured to get out past their fellow Arabs, despite Israeli attempts to convince them to stay.^[88]
[89]

Since the creation of the State of israel, the Globe Zionist System has functioned mainly equally an organization dedicated to profitable and encouraging Jews to migrate to Israel. It has provided political back up for Israel in other countries but plays little role in internal Israeli politics. The motion’due south major success since 1948 was in providing logistical back up for migrating Jews and, nearly chiefly, in assisting Soviet Jews in their struggle with the government over the correct to leave the USSR and to practice their organized religion in freedom, and the exodus of 850,000 Jews from the Arab world, more often than not to State of israel. In 1944–45, Ben-Gurion described the 1 Meg Plan to foreign officials as being the “primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement.”^[90] The clearing restrictions of the British White Paper of 1939 meant that such a plan could non be put into large calibration upshot until the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948. The new land’south immigration policy had some opposition within the new Israeli authorities, such as those who argued that at that place was “no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were non their own”^[91] besides as those who argued that the absorption process caused “undue hardship”.^[92]
However, the force of Ben-Gurion’s influence and insistence ensured that his immigration policy was carried out.^[93]
[94]

Types

The multi-national, worldwide Zionist motion is structured on representative democratic principles. Congresses are held every four years (they were held every two years before the Second Earth War) and delegates to the congress are elected by the membership. Members are required to pay dues known as ashekel. At the congress, delegates elect a thirty-human being executive council, which in turn elects the movement’due south leader. The movement was democratic from its inception and women had the correct to vote.^[96]

Until 1917, the World Zionist Organization pursued a strategy of building a Jewish National Home through persistent minor-scale immigration and the founding of such bodies equally the Jewish National Fund (1901 – a charity that bought land for Jewish settlement) and the Anglo-Palestine Bank (1903 – provided loans for Jewish businesses and farmers). In 1942, at the Biltmore Conference, the movement included for the first time an express objective of the institution of a Jewish state in the State of Israel.^[97]

The 28th Zionist Congress, coming together in Jerusalem in 1968, adopted the 5 points of the “Jerusalem Program” as the aims of Zionism today. They are:^[98]

• Unity of the Jewish People and the centrality of Israel in Jewish life
• Ingathering of the Jewish People in its historic homeland, Eretz State of israel, through Aliyah from all countries
• Strengthening of the State of Israel, based on the prophetic vision of justice and peace
• Preservation of the identity of the Jewish People through fostering of Jewish and Hebrew pedagogy, and of Jewish spiritual and cultural values
• Protection of Jewish rights everywhere

Since the creation of modernistic Israel, the function of the motility has declined. It is now a peripheral factor in Israeli politics, though dissimilar perceptions of Zionism continue to play roles in Israeli and Jewish political discussion.^[99]

Labor Zionism

Main article: Labor Zionism

Labor Zionism became the ascendant force in the political and economic life of the Yishuv during the British Mandate of Palestine and was the ascendant credo of the political establishment in Israel until the 1977 election when the Israeli Labor Political party was defeated. The Israeli Labor Party continues the tradition, although the almost popular party in the kibbutzim is Meretz.^[101] Labor Zionism’s main institution is the Histadrut (general organisation of labor unions), which began by providing strikebreakers against a Palestinian worker’s strike in 1920 and until 1970s was the largest employer in Israel later the Israeli authorities.^[102]

Liberal Zionism

Main article: Full general Zionists

General Zionism (or Liberal Zionism) was initially the dominant trend within the Zionist movement from the Starting time Zionist Congress in 1897 until later on the First World State of war. General Zionists identified with the liberal European middle course to which many Zionist leaders such as Herzl and Chaim Weizmann aspired. Liberal Zionism, although not associated with any single party in modern Israel, remains a strong tendency in Israeli politics advocating free marketplace principles, democracy and adherence to human being rights. Kadima, the main centrist party during the 2000s that is now defunct, however, did identify with many of the key policies of Liberal Zionist credo, advocating among other things the need for Palestinian statehood in order to grade a more autonomous order in Israel, affirming the free market place, and calling for equal rights for Arab citizens of State of israel. In 2013, Ari Shavit suggested that the success of the then-new Yesh Atid party (representing secular, eye-class interests) embodied the success of “the new General Zionists.”^[103]

Dror Zeigerman writes that the traditional positions of the General Zionists—”liberal positions based on social justice, on law and order, on pluralism in matters of State and Religion, and on moderation and flexibility in the domain of foreign policy and security”—are yet favored by of import circles and currents inside certain active political parties.^[104]

Philosopher Carlo Strenger describes a modern-day version of Liberal Zionism (supporting his vision of “Knowledge-Nation Israel”), rooted in the original ideology of Herzl and Ahad Ha’am, that stands in dissimilarity to both the romantic nationalism of the right and the
Netzah Yisrael
of the ultra-Orthodox. It is marked by a concern for democratic values and human rights, freedom to criticize authorities policies without accusations of disloyalty, and rejection of excessive religious influence in public life. “Liberal Zionism celebrates the virtually authentic traits of the Jewish tradition: the willingness for incisive debate; the contrarian spirit of
davka; the refusal to bow to authoritarianism.”^[105]
[106] Liberal Zionists see that “Jewish history shows that Jews need and are entitled to a nation-country of their ain. Simply they also think that this state must exist a liberal commonwealth, which ways that at that place must be strict equality before the law contained of organized religion, ethnicity or gender.”^[107]

Revisionist Zionism

Chief commodity: Revisionist Zionism

Revisionist Zionists, led by Ze’ev Jabotinsky, developed what became known every bit Nationalist Zionism, whose guiding principles were outlined in the 1923 essayIron Wall. In 1935 the Revisionists left the World Zionist Organisation because it refused to country that the creation of a Jewish land was an objective of Zionism.

Jabotinsky believed that,

Zionism is a colonising adventure and it therefore stands or falls by the question of armed force. It is of import to build, it is of import to speak Hebrew, but, unfortunately, it is even more than important to be able to shoot—or else I am through with playing at colonization.^[108]
[109]

and that

Although the Jews originated in the East, they belonged to the W culturally, morally, and spiritually. Zionism was conceived by Jabotinsky non as the return of the Jews to their spiritual homeland but as an offshoot or implant of Western civilization in the Due east. This worldview translated into a geostrategic conception in which Zionism was to exist permanently allied with European colonialism against all the Arabs in the eastern Mediterranean.^[110]

The revisionists advocated the formation of a Jewish Regular army in Palestine to force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration.

Supporters of Revisionist Zionism adult the Likud Party in Israel, which has dominated most governments since 1977. Information technology advocates Israel’south maintaining control of the Westward Bank, including Due east Jerusalem, and takes a hard-line approach in the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2005, the Likud separate over the issue of creation of a Palestinian state in the occupied territories. Party members advocating peace talks helped grade the Kadima Party.^[111]

Religious Zionism

Main article:
Religious Zionism

Religious Zionism
is an ideology that combines Zionism and observant Judaism. Before the establishment of the Country of Israel, Religious Zionists were mainly observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to build a Jewish state in the Land of State of israel.

After the Six-Mean solar day War and the capture of the Westward Bank, a territory referred to in Jewish terms as Judea and Samaria, right-fly components of the Religious Zionist movement integrated nationalist revindication and evolved into Neo-Zionism. Their credo revolves around three pillars: the Land of Israel, the People of Israel and the Torah of Israel.^[113]

Light-green Zionism

Chief article: Green Zionism

Green Zionism
is a branch of Zionism primarily concerned with the environs of State of israel. The only environmental Zionist party is the Green Zionist Alliance.

Mail-Zionism

During the last quarter of the 20th century, classic nationalism in State of israel declined. This led to the rise of mail-Zionism. Post-Zionism asserts that Israel should abandon the concept of a “state of the Jewish people” and strive to be a state of all its citizens,^[114] or a binational land where Arabs and Jews live together while enjoying some blazon of autonomy.

Non-Jewish support

Political support for the Jewish return to the Country of Israel predates the formal organization of Jewish Zionism as a political motion. In the 19th century, advocates of the restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land were called Restorationists. The return of the Jews to the Holy State was widely supported past such eminent figures as Queen Victoria, Napoleon Bonaparte,^[115] Rex Edward Vii, President John Adams of the United States, Full general Smuts of South Africa, President Masaryk of Czechoslovakia, philosopher and historian Benedetto Croce from Italia, Henry Dunant (founder of the Cherry-red Cross and writer of the Geneva Conventions), and scientist and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen from Kingdom of norway.

The French government, through Minister M. Cambon, formally committed itself to “… the renaissance of the Jewish nationality in that Land from which the people of Israel were exiled so many centuries ago.”

In China, top figures of the Nationalist government, including Sun Yat-sen, expressed their sympathy with the aspirations of the Jewish people for a National Home.^[116]

Christian Zionism

Primary article:
Christian Zionism, Christian Zionism in the U.k.

One of the principal Protestant teachers who promoted the biblical doctrine that the Jews would render to their national homeland was John Nelson Darby. His doctrine of dispensationalism is credited with promoting Zionism, following his 11 lectures on the hopes of the church building, the Jew and the gentile given in Geneva in 1840.^[123] However, others like C H Spurgeon,^[124] both Horatius^[125]
and Andrew Bonar, Robert Murray M’Chyene,^[126] and J C Ryle^[127] were among a number of prominent proponents of both the importance and significance of a Jewish return, who were not dispensationalist. Pro-Zionist views were embraced past many evangelicals and also afflicted international strange policy.

The Russian Orthodox ideologue Hippolytus Lutostansky, too known equally the author of multiple antisemitic tracts, insisted in 1911 that Russian Jews should be “helped” to move to Palestine “as their rightful place is in their former kingdom of Palestine”.^[128]

Notable early on supporters of Zionism include British Prime Ministers David Lloyd George and Arthur Balfour, American President Woodrow Wilson and British Major-Full general Orde Wingate, whose activities in support of Zionism led the British Regular army to ban him from ever serving in Palestine. Co-ordinate to Charles Merkley of Carleton University,
Christian Zionism
strengthened significantly subsequently the Six-Day War of 1967, and many dispensationalist and not-dispensationalist evangelical Christians, especially Christians in the Us, now strongly back up Zionism.

Martin Luther King Jr. was a strong supporter of Israel and Zionism,^[117] although the Letter to an Anti-Zionist Friend is a work falsely attributed to him.

In the last years of his life, the founder of the Latter Solar day Saint movement, Joseph Smith, declared, “the fourth dimension for Jews to return to the country of Israel is now.” In 1842, Smith sent Orson Hyde, an Apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Twenty-four hours Saints, to Jerusalem to dedicate the land for the return of the Jews.^[129]

Some Arab Christians publicly supporting State of israel include United states author Nonie Darwish, and old Muslim Magdi Allam, author ofViva Israele,^[130] both born in Egypt. Brigitte Gabriel, a Lebanese-built-in Christian Us journalist and founder of the American Congress for Truth, urges Americans to “fearlessly speak out in defense of America, Israel and Western civilization”.^[131]

Muslim Zionism

Main article: Muslim Zionism

On occasion, some not-Arab Muslims such equally some Kurds and Berbers have also voiced support for Zionism.^{[137]
[138]
[139]}

While most Israeli Druze identify as ethnically Arab,^[140] today, tens of thousands of Israeli Druze belong to “Druze Zionist” movements.^[132]

During the Palestine Mandate era, Every bit’advertisement Shukeiri, a Muslim scholar (‘alim) of the Acre area, and the father of PLO founder Ahmad Shukeiri, rejected the values of the Palestinian Arab national movement and was opposed to the anti-Zionist movement.^[141] He met routinely with Zionist officials and had a part in every pro-Zionist Arab organization from the beginning of the British Mandate, publicly rejecting Mohammad Amin al-Husayni’s use of Islam to attack Zionism.^[142]

Some Indian Muslims take also expressed opposition to Islamic anti-Zionism. In August 2007, a delegation of the All Republic of india Arrangement of Imams and mosques led by its president Maulana Jamil Ilyas visited Israel. The coming together led to a joint statement expressing “peace and goodwill from Indian Muslims”, developing dialogue between Indian Muslims and Israeli Jews, and rejecting the perception that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is of a religious nature.^[143] The visit was organized by the American Jewish Committee. The purpose of the visit was to promote meaningful debate about the status of Israel in the eyes of Muslims worldwide, and to strengthen the relationship between India and Israel. It is suggested that the visit could “open up Muslim minds across the world to understand the democratic nature of the state of State of israel, especially in the Centre East”.^[144]

Hindu support for Zionism

Primary articles: India–State of israel relations and Hindu Nationalism

After State of israel’due south cosmos in 1948, the Indian National Congress government opposed Zionism. Some writers accept claimed that this was done in social club to get more than Muslim votes in Bharat (where Muslims numbered over xxx meg at the fourth dimension).^[145] However, conservative Hindu nationalists, led by the Sangh Parivar, openly supported Zionism, equally did Hindu Nationalist intellectuals like Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Sita Ram Goel.^[146] Zionism, seen as a national liberation movement for the repatriation of the Jewish people to their homeland and then under British colonial rule, appealed to many Hindu Nationalists, who viewed their struggle for independence from British rule and the Sectionalization of India as national liberation for long-oppressed Hindus.

An international stance survey has shown that India is the most pro-Israel state in the earth.^[147] In more current times, bourgeois Indian parties and organizations tend to support Zionism.^[146]
[148] This has invited attacks on the Hindutva motility by parts of the Indian left opposed to Zionism, and allegations that Hindus are conspiring with the “Jewish Antechamber.”^[149]

Anti-Zionism

Principal manufactures: Anti-Zionism and Timeline of Anti-Zionism

See likewise: Non-Zionism, New Antisemitism, Criticism of the Israeli authorities, and Zionist Occupation Authorities conspiracy theory